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Frames, Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts

Frames, Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts

Otto Selz is a German psychologist that credited the first fundamental ideas of cognitive psychology. (To solve a problem, we must first recognize that the situation represented by the problem, is described by a known schema. We must find that schema and compare it to the problem situation. The solution to the problem is found in the information presented by the schema which is left out of the problem situation.)

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Frames: is a packet of information that helps recognize and understand a scene. Information can come in difference ways. I child can see two glass of water. The tall glass was the same amount of water in the glass. The child is going to say that the tall glass has more water then the smaller glass. The way that the child is interpret the information help me think that the tall glass has more the smaller glass. Frameworks may consist of a body of ideas.

Paradigms are the most powerful form of mental models. A paradigm represents a well articulated shared view of events or phenomena how one is suppose to see and interpret the same. Unlike the framework, the paradigm has an internal logic and a set of assumptions that imposes itself on what is perceived. It was Thomas Kuhn (1962 in his work “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” a monograph written for the international Encyclopedia of unified science when he was a graduate student. Paradigms start on with a general organizing theory, one that is able to join theories, assumptions, and observations about various phenomena; one that explains how reality works, what works in reality and why this theory is better than any additional theory.

Paradigm Shift is suggests that when set new information, inputs and experiences, the perspectives of individuals can modify and bring on new experiences at a personal level. The individual must, of course, choose to modify these perspectives. Personal paradigm shifts precede reinvention. The personal paradigm shift creates the context in which personal reinvention occurs. Picture your self image as an ambiguous reversible figure.

The difference between 18th and 19th century teachers

The difference between 18^th and 19^th century teachers

In colonial America in twentieth century, teacher education scarcely existed. Teachers did not have degrees. Most elementary teachers never even attended secondary school. Some learned their craft by other teachers during that time. A smaller number of teachers working at the secondary level in academies or Latin grammar schools and private tutors usually received some college education, more often in Europe than in America. In the1800s, becoming a teacher was not a career. Teachers were not respected in at that point of time. Most teachers were in their classrooms drinking while teaching their class. In 1823, normal school was established. The Reverend Samuel Hall marked the beginning of changing education in America. Teachers started training in teaching skills. The Reverend Hall's was the most modest of normal schools. In 1839 Horace Mann was instrumental in establishing the first state supported normal schools in Lexington, Massachusetts. In the 1900s, normal schools were the backbone of education. But teachers were getting paid less than other professionals. Teachers in the early 19^th century were mostly female. In the 1980s the National Board for Professional Standards or (NBPTS) was created. The goal of the (NBPTS) is to award board certification to extraordinary teachers whose skills and knowledge indicate their high level. The board identified five criteria: first, mastery of the subject; second, commitment to students; third, ability to effectively manage a classroom; fourth, continuous analysis of teaching performance; and fifth, a commitment to learning and self improvement. In both time periods there was a big difference in teachers. Teachers in the late 1900s were certified and had a higher education level than teachers in the 18^th century. How can teachers teach material if they did not have an education? The world is always changing and good teachers are needed to help and move forward with this continuing change.